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James Lewis

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Workbench Wednesdays

Health and Solder Fumes | Workbench Wednesdays

An overlooked danger of electronics soldering is the fumes. While the smell and smoke may not be pleasant, the chemicals in the fumes can be harmful. Is solder made with lead(Pb) your only concern? Learn about where lead-free solder came from, what different flux types mean, and two ways to keep your air (and your lungs clean.)

In the video, I show a cheap “smoke eater” and a professional fume extractor. There is a cost difference of $50 and $700 between the two. However, either is better than having nothing.

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Blog

7 MOSFET Myths and Misconceptions Addressed

MOSFET Myths and Facts

The most popular AddOhms video is my short tutorial on MOSFET basics. In the years since I posted the video, people have sent me many questions. While answering those questions I’ve learned quite a bit as well. For example, in that video, I say that Vgs is the threshold to turn on the MOSFET. Well, it turns out, that is not entirely true. It is the threshold to turn it off! Oops. A minor point with a subtle difference, but a common MOSFET misconception.

In this post, I dispel that and other common myths and misconceptions around using MOSFETs. As with all engineering tips and tricks, this post is not a definitive guide to FETs. Instead, it is meant to be a guide to help you ask the right questions to design in the correct part.

1. Misconception: You don’t need resistors on the gate

Back when I made the AddOhms episode, I added a resistor to the MOSFET’s gate pin. Of course any time a resistor is shown in a schematic, people get worried about what complicated formula is needed to determine its value. For slow switching applications, like below 10 kHz, the resistor value doesn’t matter. Something in the 100 to 1000 ohm range is fine.

P-Channel with series gate resistor
P-Channel with series gate resistor

So if the value does not matter, why have one? The gate of a MOSFET is a small capacitor. And what happens when applying a voltage to a capacitor? It starts charging.

Resistor-Capacitor Charging Curve: Voltage and Current
Resistor-Capacitor Charging Curve: Voltage and Current

The initial current is very high. It slows down as the capacitor charges. That initial current rush, also known as in-rush current, can be a problem. Even though it is a short time, there is a significant current surge that can damage an I/O pin. Depending on the size of the MOSFET’s gate capacitance, it may not be necessary to include that resistor. I wish I could say to “just” add it any time you use a MOSFET. If there is a high switching frequency, say 100 kHz or higher, then you have to worry about the RC charging curve created by the resistor and the gate capacitance.

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Blog

Low side vs. High side transistor switch

Low switch vs High switch Banner

A common task for a transistor is switching a device on and off. There are two configurations for a transistor switch: low side and high side. The location of the transistor determines the type of circuit and its name. Either transistor configuration can use a BJT or MOSFET.

In this post, I draw the configuration for both transistor types, discuss which requires a driver, and explain why you would use either. If you are new to transistors, check out the resource links at the bottom. I have a few videos I made and some from element14’s The Learning Circuit, which do a great job introducing transistors.

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Events

KiCon 2019 – Preserving history with KiCad

KiCad KiCon 2019 BannerOn April 26th and 27th, the first year of KiCad KiCon kicks off in the Windy City. Join me and 26 others for talks about the open source electronics CAD tool. The list of speakers is impressive. There are many names which I follow on social media and some I recognize from the KiCad team. For example, Wayne Stambaugh is the KiCad project leader and has one of the keynote talks.

You can see the full list of KiCon talks here. And tickets are available here.

Bald Engineer’s Apple IIgs KiCon Talk

Here is the description for my KiCon talk.

While documentation exists for 1970’s and 1980’s calculators and computers, unfortunately they exist in bitmap formats. As I started converting parts of the Apple IIgs schematic to KiCad, I realized something. There are benefits to “preserving” historical schematics in a living, active, and open format. In this talk, I talk about my experiences in converting scanned PDFs into KiCad, the project behind that motivation, and to encourage help from others to preserve history with KiCad.

So what is it? Well, several months ago, I did a couple of Apple IIgs hardware live streams. I have a project in mind for the MEGA-II ASIC. But before I could move forward on the project, I wanted a modern version of the IIgs schematic.

While schematics for classic 8 (and 16-bit) computers are readily available, they are usually only in PDF format. Studying the design is like reading a book. While I am glad the PDFs are available, I would like to be able to do actions like a search.

In my talk, I’ll explain why we should be converting these classic schematics into an open format. Along the way, I’ll take the audience through my journey of using KiCad for this project. In the end, I’ll be asking for help to convert other classic computer schematics.

Where is KiCad KiCon 2019?

The location for the conference is mHUB in Chicago, IL. If you’re able to attend in person, I look forward to meeting you. If you’re not able to travel, I fully expect either a live stream or recorded versions of the talks to be available.

Learn more about KiCad KiCon 2019

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